British Castle

One of the stand out features of the British countryside is the many well-preserved castles that dot the landscape. These impressive structures have been a part of British history for centuries, serving as defensive fortresses, royal residences and, more recently, popular tourist attractions. The history of Castles, their use, and their political and social significance is a fascinating topic that continues to captivate people worldwide.

In this guide, we’ll be breaking down the basics of castles, from what they are and why they were built to how they shaped British history. So grab your armour and sword, and let’s dive into the world of castles.

What is a Castle?

This might seem like a reasonably straightforward question; it’s a big stone building with towers and potentially a princess that needs saving from a dragon.

But in reality, the definition of a castle can be pretty broad. Generally speaking, a castle is a fortified structure built during the Middle Ages, typically between the 9th and 14th centuries. They were commonly constructed from stone or brick and served as defensive fortresses against enemies.

However, not all castles were created equal. The term ‘castle’ can refer to various structures, from grand palaces with luxurious living quarters to small, austere fortresses. Castles also varied in their design and layout, depending on the time period and location in which they were built.

So, to answer the question, we need to examine the history of castles and how they evolved over time.

Evolution of the First Medieval Castle

The word ‘castle’ comes from the Latin word ‘castellum,’ meaning fortified place. The difference between a castle and a fortress is that while a fortress is designed solely for military purposes, castles serve as both defensive structures and residences.

So, the early earth forts were built by the pre-Roman Celts, while technically fortified structures, weren’t considered castles. These were simple defensive structures built by digging ditches and piling up earthworks.

The same applies to the military forts created by the Romans to police their British frontiers. While their fortified cities had some similarities to castles, the Romans never really built any true castles in Britain.

The Anglo Saxons did dabble in castle building, creating burhs, or fortified towns, to protect against Viking invaders. This is where we get place names like ‘Bamburgh‘ and ‘Burghley’.

However, it wasn’t until the Norman invasion of 1066 that castles as we know them today began to appear in Britain. The Norman lords built motte-and-bailey castles, consisting of a wooden tower (motte) on top of a man-made hill (bailey). These early castles were relatively simple and quick to build, making them a valuable tool for the Normans to establish their power over the land.

Over time, castles evolved in design and structure as technological advancements allowed for more substantial and durable fortifications. Stone replaced wood as the primary building material, and concentric castles with multiple layers of defence became popular.

Why did the Normans Build Castles?

The Normans built castles for several reasons, primarily symbolising their power and authority over the territory conquered by William the Conqueror. They also served as defensive structures against rebellions from the local people and attacks from rival lords.

It’s worth remembering that the Norman invasion was a significant event in British history, and castles played a crucial role in establishing the new ruling class’s dominance. The majority of the population in the UK during the Middle Ages was still made up of Anglo-Saxons, and castles served as a constant reminder to them of the new Norman rulers.

Unlike a fortified city or town, castles were also used as private residences for the Norman lords and their families. They often lived in the most magnificent part of the castle, known as the keep, while soldiers and knights occupied other areas. They could also be built in strategic locations, such as near important trade routes or on the edges of the kingdom, to defend against external threats.

Unlike the sprawling walls of a large walled city, the compact nature of castles made them more accessible to defend and control. They could also act as a base for the lord’s soldiers to go out and suppress any rebellions or potential threats.

There are a lot of contenders for the oldest castle in Britain, with Berkhamsted Castle, Pevensey Castle, and Chepstow Castle all in the running for the title. Most of the oldest castles were based on existing structures, such as Roman forts. However, it’s generally accepted that most of the earliest castles in the UK were constructed in around 1067, shortly after the Norman conquest.

How did the Construction of Medieval Castles Impact Norman Britain?

The construction of castles had a significant impact on Norman Britain. First and foremost, they solidified the Normans’ hold on the land by providing a strategic defence against potential rebellions from the Anglo-Saxon population.

They also helped to establish a new feudal system in Britain, where land was granted to lords in exchange for their loyalty and military support. This structure allowed the Normans under William the Conqueror to maintain their control over the land and establish a system of power and authority.

Additionally, castles played a vital role in shaping the architecture and landscape of middle ages Britain. The grandeur and size of castles acted as symbols of wealth and status for the Norman lords, setting them apart from the Anglo-Saxons, who often lived in simple wooden houses.

The construction of castles also brought new building techniques and technologies from France to Britain, such as using stone and developing sophisticated fortifications. These advancements had a lasting impact on British architecture and engineering.

Essentially, the construction of castles marked a significant shift in power and culture in Britain, as the Normans solidified their dominance over the land and introduced new building techniques and technologies. So, while they may have started as simple defensive structures, castles evolved into much more than that, leaving a lasting legacy on British history and architecture.

How Were Castles Built in the Middle Ages?

The first motte and bailey castles in the middle ages were built quickly and relatively cheaply, using local materials such as wood and earth. However, as they evolved into larger stone structures, construction required more resources and skilled labour.

The primary building material for most medieval castles was stone, specifically limestone or sandstone. These materials were durable and widely available in Britain. Stone blocks could weigh up to 2 tons, so constructing a castle required significant human and animal labour.

Building a stone castle was a massive undertaking that required extensive planning and resources. The first step was to find and acquire land suitable for building. Locations were chosen based on strategic importance, such as natural defences like hills or cliffs and an easily accessible source of water, ideally a well that could be dug inside the castle walls.

Construction began by digging trenches and erecting wooden fences around the site to protect it from potential attackers. Next, workers dug a deep moat, which could be potentially filled with water from nearby rivers or streams. If no water source was nearby, the moat could still serve as an obstacle for invaders, filled with spikes or other deterrents.

The next step was to build the keep, typically the tallest and most fortified part of the castle. It was often built on top of a man-made mound for additional protection. The walls were constructed using large blocks of stone bonded together with mortar. Windows were small and narrow to prevent attackers from entering.

Other features of the castle included the gatehouse, which served as the entrance and had a heavy wooden door that could be reinforced with iron bars. Towers were also built on either side of the gatehouse for added defensive capabilities and living quarters for soldiers and servants. Underground tunnels and secret passages were often included for escape or surprise attacks.

Depending on its size and complexity, medieval castles could take several years to complete. It required a large workforce, including skilled stonemasons, carpenters, and labourers. The cost of building a castle was also significant, making it a symbol not only of power but also of wealth.

While the exact methods and techniques used in castle construction varied over time and between regions, the basic principles remained relatively consistent. As a result, many castles share similar features and characteristics, giving us a glimpse into the past and how people lived during medieval times.

Were all Castles Built the Same?

No, not at all. As castles evolved over time, they became more sophisticated and varied in design. Different regions also had their unique styles of castle construction.

For example, the motte and bailey style was most prevalent in England and Wales, whereas stone round towers were common in Ireland. Due to the country’s colder climate, Scottish castles tended to be built with thicker walls and smaller windows. Heating a stone building in Scotland would have been challenging and expensive.

Additionally, castles were built for different purposes, depending on their location and the needs of the lord who commissioned them. Some were primarily defensive structures, while others had more luxurious living quarters for nobles and royalty.

Some castles had a range of smaller fortifications around them to protect vital logistical buildings such as granaries, stables, and mills. These additional structures, called outer baileys or wards, were usually enclosed within their own walls, sometimes with a wooden tower as a vantage point.

The design of a medieval castle also depended on the lord who commissioned it. Some lords wanted to showcase their wealth and power, building elaborate structures with intricate details and lavish decorations. Others focused on practicality, constructing simple yet effective castles for defence.

Overall, the construction of castles was a complex and dynamic process that evolved over time, resulting in a diverse range of designs and styles across Britain. Each castle tells its unique story about the people who lived in it and the purpose it served, making them an essential part of British history and culture.

How Did the Defences of a Medieval Castle Work?

Middle ages castles were built with multiple layers of defences as a primarily defensive structure to protect against potential invaders. They could withstand various forms of attack, including sieges and direct assaults.

The first line of defence was the medieval castles’ location, often built on high ground or near natural obstacles such as cliffs or rivers. The curtain walls surrounding the castle were also an essential part of the defence system, acting as the second line of defence.

Square towers along the walls served as lookout points and provided defenders with a strategic advantage, allowing them to shoot arrows or pour hot oil on attackers. These towers often protruded from the main wall, giving archers a wider range of vision and the ability to pour enfilading fire on attackers.

Over time, these towers became rounded, making them more resistant to bombardment. Rounded towers also allowed defenders to see and target multiple sides of the castle, making it more difficult for attackers to breach.

Additionally, some medieval castles had crenellations or battlements along the top of the curtain walls for archers to shoot through while remaining protected. Crenellations are alternating solid sections and gaps along the top of a wall, while battlements are notched walls with open spaces for shooting.

The gatehouse controlled entry into the castle and was another crucial defensive feature. It could be heavily fortified with multiple gates, portcullises, and murder holes (holes in the ceiling above the entrance where defenders could drop objects or pour boiling liquids on attackers).

Another popular defensive feature was the drawbridge, which could be raised to prevent enemies from entering the castle. In some cases, a moat surrounded the castle walls, providing additional protection.

If an enemy managed to breach the medieval castles’ outer defences, they would be met with the inner defences, which were often more fortified and difficult to penetrate. This was where the castle’s keep, or central tower, was located.

The keep could serve as a last resort for defenders in case other parts of the castle fell. It had thicker walls and fewer windows, making it easier to defend. The keep also housed living quarters for the lord and his family and storerooms for food and supplies.

Stairs within medieval castles were also designed to be narrow and winding, making it challenging for attackers to move up in large numbers while allowing defenders to block or attack them quickly. Castle stairs generally spiral to the left, allowing right-handed defenders an advantage while fighting and preventing the easy use of a shield when climbing up them.

How did Castles Evolve Over Time?

Castles evolved significantly from their origins as motte and bailey structures to the grand stone fortresses of later years. As warfare techniques and technologies changed, so did the design and construction of castles.

In the early years, castles were primarily used for defence against external threats. However, as peace eventually settled in Britain, castles began to shift from military fortifications to status symbols and luxurious residences for the wealthy.

In the 12th century, castle walls became thicker and taller to withstand the advancements in siege warfare. Castle building also incorporated new defensive features such as arrow slits (narrow openings for archers to shoot through) and gatehouses into their designs.

By the 13th century, castles began to become more elaborate, with ornate decorations and intricate details. The introduction of gunpowder in the 14th century significantly changed castle design. Walls became thicker, and towers were built at angles to withstand cannon fire better. Many castles also incorporated moats with sloping sides to prevent attackers from using them as cover.

Castles also evolved to include more comfortable living quarters, larger rooms and more elaborate decorations. They became symbols of wealth, power, and grandeur, showcasing the opulence of their owners.

However, as warfare changed and modernised, castles gradually lost their importance as defensive structures. By the 17th century, they were all but obsolete for military purposes. While fortifications were still built, these had, in some ways, reverted to the more straightforward military outpost design, lacking the elaborate and decorative aspects of earlier castles. While they had living quarters, they were more focused on practicality than luxury and were solely occupied by military personnel.

The star fort at Tilbury, built during the reign of Elizabeth I in the 16th century, is an excellent example of this shift towards more utilitarian fortifications. It was designed to defend against sea invaders and featured thick walls, gun platforms, and a distinctive geometric shape.

Castle building and its evolution significantly impacted British history, culture, and architecture. From humble beginnings to grand fortresses, they played various roles throughout medieval times before becoming relics of a bygone era. Today, many castles remain reminders of this rich history, attracting visitors worldwide. So, while their primary purpose may have changed over time, castles continue to fascinate and captivate us with their enduring legacy.

How Did the Defences of a Castle in the 1500s Work?

The 16th century saw significant advancements in military technology and tactics compared to the early medieval period. These changes also impacted castle design and defence strategies.

Siege warfare techniques improved, making it easier to breach castle walls or towers with artillery fire. To counter this, castles were built with thicker walls and more substantial towers or bastions at strategic points to withstand cannon fire. The faces of these fortifications were angled and sloped to deflect cannonballs and make them less prone to damage.

Bastions were protruding structures from the castle walls that could provide a better line of defence against attackers by allowing defenders to fire from multiple angles. They also served as platforms for cannons and artillery, which had become more common in warfare during this period.

In addition to thicker walls and bastions, some castles incorporated earthworks, such as ditches, ramparts, and glacis (sloping earth mounds), to provide extra protection. These were especially useful against cannon fire, as they could absorb the impact and reduce damage to the main structure.

The introduction of gunpowder also led to changes in the design of gatehouses. The once heavily fortified structures with multiple gates became less common, replaced by single-entrance gatehouses with thicker walls and fewer openings to reduce vulnerability.

Overall, a castle’s defences in the 1500s focused more on countering artillery and gunfire than traditional siege tactics like scaling walls or breaching gates. Since they had evolved back into a purely military role, they were designed with practicality and efficiency in mind rather than luxury.

Is a Fortified Manor the Same as a Castle?

While a medieval castle and fortified manors or country houses may share some similarities, they are not the same type of structure. Castles were primarily built for defensive purposes and often belonged to royalty or nobility. On the other hand, Fortified manors were smaller structures owned by wealthy landowners and served as residences and defensive fortifications.

Fortified country houses typically had a mix of stone and timber construction, with thicker walls designed to withstand attack. However, they lacked the grandeur and elaborate features of castles. They were also more practical in terms of design, with a focus on efficient use of space for both living quarters and defence.

Another critical difference between castles and fortified manors is their size and location. Castles were often large structures located on high ground, providing a strategic advantage for defence. Fortified manors were typically smaller and located in more secluded areas, such as wooded areas or near water sources. Their placement was dictated by the need for security and privacy and access to things like hunting grounds or local towns.

The primary focus of a fortified manor was comfort and luxury, with defence being a secondary consideration. In contrast, castles were designed to withstand attacks and protect their inhabitants at all costs. So, while they may share some features, castles and fortified manors served different purposes in medieval and early modern society.

What Were the Benefits of Building a Castle?

Now that we’ve better understood how castles were built and evolved over time, let’s explore the benefits of building one. As mentioned, building a castle was a huge undertaking, requiring significant resources and labour. So why did people invest so much time, effort, and money into constructing these structures?

Military defence

Castles’ primary purpose was to protect their inhabitants from external threats. The walls, towers, and moats were all designed to prevent attackers from gaining entry into the castle. Stone castles also provided a strategic advantage during times of war, allowing defenders to monitor and control the surrounding areas.

In times of danger, local communities could also take refuge within the castle walls, providing safety for the nobility and the ordinary people. Since most castles were occupied by lords and their families, soldiers, servants, and other personnel, they could house many people during a siege and were normally the safest place in the region.

Castles could withstand sieges for extended periods with sufficient food, water, and defensive capabilities. This allowed the defenders to wait for reinforcements or negotiate a peaceful resolution.

Symbol of power

Owning a medieval castle was a symbol of power and prestige during medieval times. It showcased the wealth and influence of its owner, serving as a reminder to others of their status in society. Additionally, castles were often passed down through generations, making them a significant family legacy and symbol of lineage.

As castles’ defensive benefits waned over time, their role as symbols of power and wealth only increased. Grand architecture, lavish decorations, and luxurious living quarters were all ways for the owners to display their opulence.

Economic benefits

The construction of castles provided employment opportunities for skilled workers such as stonemasons, carpenters, blacksmiths, and labourers. Additionally, maintaining and staffing a castle required a large workforce, providing jobs for the local community.

Skilled stone masons and carpenters were in high demand during castle construction, and their expertise was highly valued. This resulted in these workers often being paid more than the average person, contributing to a healthier economy for the surrounding area.

Castles also played a significant role in the economy through trade and commerce. As centres of power, they attracted merchants and traders looking to do business with the nobility. This helped stimulate the local economy and brought wealth to surrounding towns and villages.

Social control

Castles were also used as social control, with lords and nobility using them to exert their power and authority over the surrounding areas. They often held court within the castle walls, making important decisions that affected the local community. It’s no coincidence that the largest number of castles in the UK were built by Norman invaders to maintain control over their newly acquired lands.

Control over areas was also maintained by building castles at strategic locations, such as on hills or near waterways. These castles allowed their owners to monitor and control the surrounding land. In short, a castle allowed a local lord to project power and influence far beyond the castle walls.

What are Some of the Best Castles to Visit in the UK?

The UK is known for its rich history and numerous castles scattered throughout the country. Here are some of the best castles to visit in the UK, each with its unique features and attractions:

• Edinburgh Castle: One of Scotland’s most iconic landmarks, this castle sits atop a dormant volcano and offers stunning views of the city. Visitors can explore its ancient buildings, including the Great Hall and the Scottish Crown Jewels.

• Warwick Castle: Located in the heart of England, this castle is renowned for its well-preserved medieval architecture and its famous trebuchet. Visitors can also take part in interactive exhibits and even stay overnight in the castle’s luxury lodges.

• Caernarfon Castle: One of Wales’ most impressive castles, Caernarfon Castle is a UNESCO World Heritage site with an imposing structure that served as a military stronghold during the Middle Ages. Its grandeur and historical significance make it a must-visit for any castle enthusiast.

• Tower of London: This iconic fortress in London is famous for its dark history as a prison, palace, and place of execution. Visitors can explore the tower’s various exhibits, such as the Crown Jewels and the infamous torture chamber. While not technically a castle, the Tower of London is undoubtedly one of the most significant historical sites in the UK.

• Dover Castle: Built in the 12th century, Dover Castle is the largest castle in England and has played a crucial role in defending the country throughout history. Visitors can explore secret wartime tunnels and learn about its strategic importance during World War II.

• Kenilworth Castle: Located in the West Midlands, Kenilworth Castle is a romantic ruin with stunning gardens and a rich history. Visitors can explore its medieval tower, gatehouse, and royal apartments, making it an excellent destination for couples or anyone looking to immerse themselves in ancient history.

• Stirling Castle: Known as the “Key to Scotland,” this castle played a crucial role in Scottish history and is famous for its Renaissance architecture and elaborate gardens. Visitors can take a guided tour or explore the castle grounds on their own.

• Windsor Castle: The oldest and largest occupied castle in the world, this royal residence has been home to British monarchs for over 900 years. Visitors can admire its grand State Apartments and see the famous Changing of the Guard ceremony.

Whether for military defence, symbol of power, economic benefits, or social control, castles played a significant role in shaping the medieval and early modern landscape. With their impressive architecture and rich histories, they continue to attract visitors from all over the world to this day.

Next time you visit the UK, make sure to add these magnificent fortresses to your itinerary. Why not plan a visit to one of these impressive castles and experience the magic for yourself? Don’t forget your camera. Happy exploring!

Castles have long struck humans with awe and wonder at their magnitude and majesty.

Great Britain — where you can find one of the world’s longest-standing monarchies — has a long and rich history with castles. The island is home to all types of castle structures, from towering castle fortresses to still-occupied royal palaces, as well as a myriad of historic ruins.

When it comes to exploring the past of Great Britain’s castles, there are countless stories and historical accounts to fill your time. No matter if you are a history buff, a castle fanatic, or simply interested in learning about Great Britain’s architectural history, the diverse range of castles found within the region has something to offer to people of all tastes.

In this article, we dive deep into the colourful, innovative, and sometimes brutal history that came to create so many beautiful castles in Great Britain. Each castle has a unique story to tell, with many still open to visitors who wish to experience the halls of these magnificent structures first-hand. 

Keep reading to learn all about the history of castles in Great Britain and the UK, as we cover the history not only of castle-building in the region but also the diverse histories of specific castles and palaces in England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. 

A Brief Intro to British Castles: How Many Castles Does Great Britain Have?

Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises the three main countries of the United Kingdom (UK) — England, Scotland, and Wales. The UK also includes Northern Ireland, found just to the west of Great Britain on the larger nation-island of Ireland.

The total number of castles found throughout the entirety of the UK is not entirely known, as this number can depend on how a “castle” is defined, whether the total count includes castle ruins, and other factors.

In England, for example, there is a large debate as to how many castles the nation actually houses. Some estimate the number to be more than 4,000, while others believe it to be closer to 1,000.

The Casellarium Anglicanum— a bibliography of castles in England and Wales published in 1983 — lists more than 1,500 castle sites within England alone, though many of these are little more than merely historical records of ruins or long-vanished castles.

It’s safe to say that across the whole of the United Kingdom, thousands of castles have risen and fallen throughout human history. The castles that remain standing today serve as poignant reminders of the tenacity of the human spirit and the continued glory of the UK.

Who First Created Castles?

Before diving deeper into the history of castles in Great Britain, let’s first look at how the very first castles in the entire world came to be.

Although human beings were likely experimenting with castle and fortress construction for hundreds of years in the ancient era, the Ghumdan Palace is generally accepted as the oldest known castle in the world. Located in Sana’a, the capital city of Yemen.

Though much of the Ghumdan Palace now lay in ruins, the palace served as an iconic symbol in Arabic culture, inspiring early Arabic poetry with its grandness and beauty. The site is now part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Sana’a.

Another ancient structure regarded as one of the world’s oldest castles is the Citadel of Aleppo, with the earliest construction on the famous structure dating back to as early as 3,000 BC. The bulk of the features that remain today were constructed between the 12th and 14th centuries by Arabic military forces.

The Citadel of Aleppo is also recognized as a UNESCO site as part of the larger Ancient City of Aleppo.

Just before the 12th century when major construction was under way at the Citadel of Aleppo, castle-making had made its way to England in the 11th century thanks to the Norman Conquest of 1066.

The stone castle building techniques brought to England by the Normans would prove to be a long-lasting architectural style, with stone castles reigning as the predominant castle type up until 1,500 AD.

The First UK Castle Sites: Great Britains Oldest Castles

Windsor Castle is almost universally accepted as the oldest castle in Great Britain.

Located in the Berkshire county of England, this castle housed some of Great Britain’s most famous rulers and royalty — including William the Conqueror, the Tudors, and Queen Victoria. William the Conqueror was, in fact, the person to choose the building site for the castle, beginning construction around 1070.

It would take roughly 16 years to complete Windsor Castle and the castle would go on to receive many modifications and new construction from the rulers that followed. 

Along with being the oldest castle in England, Windsor Castle is also the largest and remains a royal residence for the British monarchy’s royal family.

Interestingly, the castle would be victim to a fire in November of 1992 after Queen Victoria’s private chapel after a faulty spotlight set the altar curtain ablaze. Before the fire was finally contained, it had destroyed 115 rooms within the castle, according to BBC News.

Windsor Castle would go on to be restored in 1993, though restoration efforts took five years to complete.

Today, tourists can visit the restored Windsor Castle and view a variety of state apartments, historic rooms, and iconic pieces of royal history — such as Queen Mary’s Doll House.

If you are interested in visiting Windsor, you view prices and book tickets on the Windsor Castle website.

What Part of Great Britain is Home to the Most Castles?

When it comes to which country in Great Britain has the most castles, the topic can be a hot debate.

Many believe England to be the home to the greatest number of castles, thanks to the royal family calling England home, with some believing the country to be home to more than 4,000 different castles! However, this fact is hotly contested, with many claiming the true number to be somewhere between 1,000 to 2,000 total castle sites — some of which are ruins.

In fact, many of the total castle numbers reported in the countries within Great Britain include castle ruins, making them more castle sites than standing castles.

The county of Northumberland in England is home to more than 70 castles scattered throughout the county countryside and is widely believed to be the English county with the most castles.

Back to the topic at hand, Wales could potentially be the true home of the most standing castles in Great Britain. According to Cadw (the historic environment service of the Welsh government), Wales has roughly 427 castle sites, 44 of which are maintained by Cadw.

Wales is even nicknamed the “Land of Castles.”

As for Scotland and Northern Ireland, the former is thought to have housed more than 2,000 castles throughout its history, with around 65 castles still standing today. The latter’s history with castles is a bit more uncertain, with around 40 standing castles still in existence.

What Types of Castles are Found in Great Britain?

When discussing the many different castles found throughout Great Britain and the greater UK region, it can be hard to pin down an exact number. Part of this is due to the differing definitions of what a castle is and which architectural structures qualify as such.

Almost all types of castles in the UK are based on three main styles of castle:

1.      Motte & Bailey Castles: Motte-and-bailey castles were first used by the Normans in the 11th century during the Norman Conquest of England. It is during this time that Windsor Castle was built, which is easily the most famous example of a motte-and-bailey castle. This type of castle architecture is comprised of two main parts — the motte, a raised mound of earth where the castle keep resides, and a bailey, an enclosed courtyard that would include key buildings like kitchens, stables, and forges. Both parts are surrounded by a wooden fence and a ditch as an extra layer of protection. Click here to view an illustrated diagram of a motte-and-bailey castle.

2.      Stone Keep Castles: Stone keep castles (also called medieval castles) originated as an evolved version of the motte-and-bailey style. As the Norman Conquest planted more firm roots in Great Britain, stone keep castles quickly became the standard for military fortresses. A stone keep castle has a similar design to its predecessor, with the main difference of stone being used as the primary construction material rather than wood. Additionally, the keep was often surrounded by a taller stone wall with a gated entrance that led into the bailey, also surrounded by a tall stone wall. The most famous example of a stone keep castle in the UK is the White Tower of London.

3.      Concentric Castles: As what we know today as Great Britain emerged from the Anglo-Saxon era and became the Kingdom of England, the standard castle style evolved as well. The concentric castle was designed in the 12th and 13th centuries to include thicker stone walls around the keep, as well as an additional wall surrounding the first wall. According to History on the Net, the space between these two walls was specifically designed to trap invaders and became known as the “death hole” where intruders could be cut off from all exits. Beaumaris Castle in Wales is one of the most famous examples of a concentric castle.

Additionally, England is also home to a variety of royal palaces that are both historic sites and currently occupied by members of the royal family — which we discuss more in the next section.

Other notable types of residences sometimes grouped in with castles and palaces include:

·       Fortified Manor Houses: Fortified manor houses are a type of residential structure that grew in popularity in the Middle Ages, a time when war was running amock across Great Britain and the continental nations in Europe. The basic anatomy of a fortified house included a stone house built atop a tower that could not be easily attacked or seized.

·       Tower Houses: Tower houses were the base structure that fortified houses were modeled after. These houses were exactly as they sound — a simple, singular tower made from stone that served as both a defensive structure and a residential space.

·       Mansions: While palaces were often reserved for royals, the nobility would typically live in stately homes, sometimes referred to as mansions. These mansions would have varying levels of defensive functions depending on who lived there and the mansion’s position within the country. Chatsworth House is a good example of a once-residential house that qualifies as a mansion. 

How Do Palaces Differ from Castles & How Many Palaces are in England?

Often-times, palaces and castles are spoken of as if they are the same.

Yet, historically, palaces and castles have served vastly different purposes in English culture.

The simplest way to explain the difference between castles and places is that castles were historically made to be fortified structures for hosting soldiers, knights, and other military personnel — meanwhile, palaces were primarily designed to house royals, their servants, and their royal courts.

As a result, castles tend to have more functional designs intended for defensive purposes. On the other hand, palaces were designed to be luxurious displays of wealth, opulence, and power. 

Palaces were not reserved solely for England’s royals, though non-royal palaces are few and far between.

In fact, Blenheim Palace is the only non-royal residence within England to be considered a palace — and even this non-royal palace still served as a home to nobility. The palace was constructed on royal land, gifted to the 1st Duke of Marlborough by Queen Anne in recognition of the duke’s military victories.

How Many Royal Palaces Does Great Britain Have?

Palaces are a tremendous show of wealth and opulence that housed many nobles and royals throughout the UK’s history. Within the entirety of the UK, there are roughly 30 total royal palaces still in use, though there is some debate on how many of these fit within the “palace category.”

In modern times, many palaces that are still in use have come to be known as “royal residences,” as royals and nobility continue to take up permanent residence within them.

England is home to many of these palaces, with 9 being of particular noteworthiness:

1.      Buckingham Palace: Buckingham Palace is without a doubt the most famous palace in all of Great Britain, as it is the official London residence of the British monarch. Along with serving as a royal residence, Buckingham Palace is also the administrative headquarters for the monarchy. The palace often hosts state events and occasions where royal hospitality is expected. Construction of the famed palace began in 1703 before eventually becoming the principal royal residence during the reign of Queen Victoria. 

2.      Hampton Court: Hampton Court is the famed — and, perhaps, infamous — Tudor Palace that served as a royal residence for Henry VIII and his six wives. The palace was constructed in the early 16th century by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Along with providing the backdrop for some of England’s greatest royal dramas, Hampton Court also served as a hotel, theatre, and leisure complex during the 1530s.

3.      Kensington Palace: Kensington Palace was first purchased in 1689, originally built as a modest mansion used as a country retreat by William III and Mary II. However, it was George I in the early 1700s who would bring in architect William Kent to adorn the palace with the fine furniture, paintings, and decorations it is known for today. Historic parts of Kensington Palace are open to the public to visit, while other parts of the palace remain in use as offices and royal residences for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. 

4.      Royal Pavilion: The Royal Pavilion has an interesting history within Great Britain. First constructed in 1815 on the orders of King George IV — who, at the time, was George the Prince of Wales. After being used as a royal residence and social center for many years, the Royal Pavilion would eventually be converted into a military hospital during World War 1. It would not be restored to its former glory until 1920.

5.      Penshurst Place: Penshurst Place was the family home of poet Sir Philip Sidney, who described the mansion-palace as “handsome without curiosity and homely without loathsomeness.” Today, Penshurst Place is a stately home open to visitors that features 11 acres of stunning gardens and a rich collection of historical artwork, furniture, and other items.

6.      Banqueting House: The Banqueting House is not itself a palace but is rather a remnant of the lost Palace of Whitehall. The Palace of Whitehall was once the home of the Archbishops of York, known as York Place until King Henry VIII took the property to create a palace for himself and his then-wife and Queen, Anne Boleyn. The palace burnt down in the late 1600s but the Banqueting House survived, becoming a symbol of the lost palace’s tremendous history.

7.      Blenheim Palace: Blenheim Palace, as we discussed earlier, is one of the only non-royal residences to be considered a true palace. Built between 1705 to 1724 as a gift to the 1st Duke of Marlborough John Churchill, the palace would ultimately serve as the birthplace of the beloved Sir Winston Churchill, who became the Prime Minister in 1940. The palace and its property are now a UNESCO World Heritage site, with all 2,100 acres open to the public.

8.      Westminster Hall: Westminster Hall is similar to the Banqueting Hall in that it is but one remaining part of a larger palace. The Westminster Hall is one of the oldest surviving structures that once made up the historic Palace of Westminster that was tragically lost to a fire in 1834. Though much of the original palace was destroyed in the fire, the Hall was saved and went on to serve as a legal battling ground for several high-profile trials.

9.      Westminster Palace: Though the original Palace of Westminster was destroyed in the 1834 fire, a new palace was built in its stead. The present-day Westminster Palace features a perpendicular Gothic design, with the palace being completed between 1847 to 1852. Along with being open to the public for visitation, today’s Westminster Palace also serves as the official residence for the Speaker of the House of Commons in the UK.

35 of the Most Famous Castles in Great Britain

While England is undoubtedly home to some of the most well-known castles in all of the UK, all of the UK member-nations have stunning castles open to visitors.

Join us as we delve into the histories of 35 castles in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland:

20 Famous Castles in England

If you are paying a visit to England, you will have no shortage of historical sites to explore that reveal the mysteries and wonders of England’s castles.

Here’s an overview of the histories of 20 famous castle sites in England:

1.      Dover Castle: Dover Castle is estimated to have been built sometime after the Norman Conquest of 1066 — though the castle would not reach its full glory until 1179 when it was remodelled by King Henry II. The new additions to the castle made by King Henry II included a stone keep, inner bailey walls, and the early construction of the outer curtain walls. For roughly 800 years, Dover Castle would serve as a key defensive structure right up until the modern era. In 2011, the castle came into the care of English Heritage, a charitable organization that works to preserve historical places, structures, and monuments.

2.      Warwick Castle: Warwick Castle was constructed in the 11th century by Henry de Beaumont under the orders of William the Conqueror. The castle was intended to be part of a defensive chain of castles to help William the Conqueror maintain control over his new territories. Warwick Castle was passed to William de Beauchamp around 1242 and would remain in possession of the Beauchamp family for nearly 200 years before eventually coming under the ownership of the crown in the 1500s. Today, Warwick Castle is owned by the Tussaud’s Group, an entertainment company that has opened the castle as a tourist attraction and completed extensive renovations.

3.      Leeds Castle: Leeds Castle is yet another castle site that originated in the 11th century as a Norman Stronghold. The castle came into the crown’s ownership sometime in the 13th century, serving as a residence for several royal family members — starting with Queen Eleanor of Castille in 1278. Most notably, Leeds Castle would come into the ownership of King Henry VIII, making it the Tudor palace that housed the king’s first wife, Katherine of Aragorn. In the present day, Leeds Castle is a top tourist attraction managed by the Leeds Castle Foundation, as well as serving as a vital conference venue that hosted Middle East peace talks in 1978.

4.      Bodiam Castle: Bodiam Castle is located in the Sussex region to the south of England. Built sometime around 1385 by Sir Edward Dallingridge, who was the Knight of the Shire of Sussex and became the Warden of London in 1392. Curiously, the castle was adorned with a series of ritual protective marks to help ward off evil — though these protective marks couldn’t stop the castle from falling into a state of ruin between the 15th to 17th centuries. Bodiam Castle was left in the care of the National Trust in 1925, though the castle was never restored.

5.      Arundel Castle: Arundel Castle overlooks the River Arun, built in West Sussex by the Earl of Arundel Roger de Montgomery in the late 11th century. Though the castle occasionally fell into the ownership of the crown, Arundel Castle was primarily passed down to the female heiresses of the d’Albini and later the Fitzalans family lines. Eventually landing into the ownership of the Howards in the 16th century, Arundel Castle became the seat of the Dukes of Norfolk. Today’s Arundel Castle is still in great condition, thanks largely to the restoration efforts of Henry the 15th Duke of Norfolk in 1900.

6.      Dustanburgh Castle: Dustanburgh Castle was constructed in the early 14th century by Thomas the Earl of Lancaster — though Thomas would later be executed for his role in a rebellion against Edward II. Despite this event, the castle would later be returned to the ownership of Thomas’s younger brother, Henry. Most interestingly in Dustanburgh Castle’s history is the military role it would come to play in the Wars of the Roses of the 15th century. In today’s times, Dustanburgh Castle is a castle ruin site that offers dramatic views of the ruins against the coastline.

7.      Corfe Castle: Corfe Castle was constructed in the early 12th century for William the Conqueror’s son, King Henry I. Later on, the castle would fall into the care of King John between 1199 to 1216. King John spent significant royal funds adding extra luxuries to the castle, including details from the trendiest architectural styles of the time. Corfe Castle continued to pass between various owners before becoming a centrepiece in the conflict between Parliament and King Charles I in the 1640s. Parliament ordered the destruction of Corfe Castle, reducing the once glorious castle to ruins. Today, the Corfe Castle ruins belong to the National Trust.

8.      Kenilworth Castle: Kenilworth Castle was built in the 1120s by Geoffrey de Clinton, the royal chamberlain responsible for building the majority of the Norman keep. The castle was passed on to John of Gaunt — the son of King Edward III — in the 14th century. John of Gaunt put tremendous effort into developing the castle into a palace. These efforts were later expanded upon by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in the 1560s. In 1650, the English Civil War turned Kenilworth Castle into ruins, eventually falling into the hands of Sir John Siddeley in the 1930s, who is widely regarded as having saved the ruins and made them a public space. The castle site is now looked after by both the Armstrong Siddeley Heritage Trust and English Heritage.

9.      Tintagel Castle: Tintagel Castle resides on a historical site that long pre-dates the construction of the actual castle. The castle site has been inhabited since the 5th century before the Tintagel Castle was built in the 1230s by Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Many suspect that the Earl chose the site for the castle construction due to the site’s association as the place of conception of King Arthur, a literary folk tale spread by Geoffrey of Monmouth. Though the castle site lies in ruins today, it still draws in many visitors thanks to its close ties to the legend of King Arthur.

10.   Beeston Castle: Beeston Castle is widely regarded as one of the most dramatic castle ruin sites in all of England. The castle proved to be a pivotal location and territory to the two warring parties — Parliament and King Charles I — that started the English Civil War. Unfortunately, Beeston Castle was partially demolished following the events of the English Civil War and the surrender of the Royalists, supporters of King Charles I. In 1844, after falling under the ownership of John Tollemache (who later became the 1st Lord Tollemache of Helmingham), the Peckforton Castle was built on the southern hillside of the castle site, with the Beeston Castle ruins serving as an “integral part of Peckforton’s landscape,” according to English Heritage.

11.   Peckforton Castle: Peckforton Castle is one of the youngest castles in this list, commissioned in 1844 by Sir John Tollemache and built by Anthony Salvin. The castle is designed in the style of a medieval castle, despite being constructed in the 1800s, and served a vital role as a refuge for disabled children fleeing from the events of World War II. Today, Peckforton Castle is used as an event venue for civil ceremonies, as well as a filming location for television and film. Notable TV series that have filmed at Peckforton Castle include BBC’s Doctor Who and Sherlock Holmes.

12.   Bolsover Castle: Bolsover Castle was built sometime in the late 11th century by William Peveril, a knight of William the Conqueror. Despite its early founding, however, the castle would fall into a state of neglect and ruin by the time the 1600s rolled around. Yet, as the saying goes, one man’s trash is another man’s treasure — and in 1612, Sir Charles Cavendish decided the Bolsover Castle ruins provided the right setting for the construction of his Little Castle. The castle came into the care of English Heritage in 1984 and restoration efforts have been in progress ever since.

13.   Bamburgh Castle: Bamburgh Castle is easily one of the most well-known historic royal fortresses in all of England. For more than 1,400 years, Bamburgh Castle stood as a key defensive structure above the coast of Northumberland, before turning into a castle ruins following neglect after the English Civil War. The castle would then come into the ownership of Lord Nathaniel Crewe, who set up a trust fund for the restoration of the castle following the death of his wife in the early 1700s. In the late 1800s, Bamburgh Castle was sold to the engineer and environmentalist William Armstrong, who spent more than one million pounds restoring the castle residence. Today, the castle remains a private residence of the Armstrong family, welcoming visitors to come and witness the historic building for themselves.

14.   Alnwick Castle: Alnwick Castle is yet another of the remaining castle sites from the historic Norman Conquest of 1060. This castle is still in use and inhabited today, making it the second-largest inhabited castle in all of England — dwarfed only by Windsor Castle. The Percy family gained ownership of the castle in the early 1300s and the castle remains in their ownership today. Most notably, Alnwick Castle was used as a vital filming location for the Harry Potter movies, as well as other film and TV show settings. Alnwick Castle is now a popular tourist attraction located within Northumberland and is the current residence of the Duke of Northumberland.

15.   Durham Castle: Durham Castle is another one of the Norman castles built in the early 11th century as part of the Norman Conquest. The castle came to hold an immensely important strategic position on the border of Scotland. As England moved in the medieval era, Durham Castle became an important setting for the Prince Bishops, who became powerful political players throughout the 13th and 14th centuries. Among these bishops was Cuthbert Tunstall, who would go on to inspire the philosopher Erasmus and expand Durham Castle to be a more grand and palace-like setting. The castle would eventually be donated to Durham University as both a historical site and a place for housing students, with the restored castle continuing to serve as a university dwelling for students to this day.

16.   Hever Castle: Hever Castle was built in 1383, originally designed as a medieval defensive castle. However, after the famous Boleyn family gain possession of the castle in the 15th century, the Boleyns wasted no time transforming the castle into a more modernized aristocratic residence. Hever Castle was the childhood home of Anne Boleyn, who would later become the second wife of King Henry VII — and meet a terribly unfortunate demise shortly thereafter. The castle slowly fell into decline until it came into the ownership of William Waldorf Astor, who commissioned the Tudor Village and re-imagined Hever Castle as both his family home and a public attraction.

17.   Goodrich Castle: The Goodrich Castle site was originally home to Godric’s Castle, built following the Norman Conquest sometime around 1101. That castle would quickly be reduced to ruins before Goodrich Castle was built in its place, pioneered by the nobleman Richard ‘Strongbow’ de Clare around 1148. However, the castle would once again be reduced to ruins during the English Civil War of the 1600s. The castle’s ruins still remain today as an ancient monument to England’s past, managed as a public tourist attraction by English Heritage.

18.   Lindisfarne Castle: Lindisfarne Castle is located on the holy island of Lindisfarne, first founded sometime around 634 AD after Oswald, King of Northumbria gifted the island to the church. Lindisfarne Island proved to be an important military stronghold throughout several of England’s early conflicts before being brought into the ownership of King Henry VIII in 1534, when the Lindisfarne Castle was finally constructed and used as a base for the Tudor navy. The castle was later purchased by Edward Hudson and remodeled by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Today, Lindisfarne Castle is a public tourist attraction and event venue.

19.   Rochester Castle: Rochester Castle is a stone castle that was built sometime in the 1080s by Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester. The castle became a symbol of medieval power, withstanding three separate sieges during the early 1200s. However, the castle fell into ruin in the 17th century before later being recognized as an ancient monument in the 1800s. Rochester Castle first passed into the ownership of the Ministry of Works in 1965 and then fell into the care of English Heritage in 1984. In 1995, Rochester Castle was placed under the management of the City of Rochester Medway Council, which continues to manage the keep and castle gardens today.

20.   Berry Pomeroy Castle: Berry Pomeroy Castle has a bit more of a unique backstory than the other castles in this list, considering the castle was only constructed in the 15th century — despite many originally believing it was of Norman origins. The castle was commissioned by the Pomeroy family as a primarily defensive structure, though it did sadly fall into ruin in 1697. Today, the castle site is a picturesque ruin that has inspired artists and writers alike.

15 Famous Castles in Scotland, Wales, & Northern Ireland

There’s no denying that England is home to some of the most fascinating and historically rich castles and castle sites in all of the UK. However, we would be remiss to not also discuss several of the key castles within the histories of the other nations within the UK.

Here is a look into the history of 15 famous castles found in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland:

Scotland

1.      Edinburgh Castle: Edinburgh Castle is one of the oldest examples of a fortified palace in not just the UK but all of Europe. Before Scotland fell under the control of the Normans and later the British Kingdom, Edinburgh Castle served as a primary royal residence for the Scottish monarchs. From the late 1200s onward, Edinburgh Castle was subjected to many different battles, invasions, and attempted sieges — even going on to be a holding area for prisoners of war between 1757 to 1814. Parts of the castle are still used for military purposes today, and the castle was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. The castle also serves as the repository of the Honours of Scotland — the Scottish crown jewels.

2.      Glamis Castle: Glamis Castle holds more than 1,000 years of Scottish history and is the ancestral seat to the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. In 1034, Malcolm II was murdered on the Glamis site, which later inspired William Shakespeare’s Macbeth tragedy. The Glamis Castle was not constructed until around 1372 but still required restoration in the late 1600s due to the castle’s uninhabitable conditions following the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. During restoration efforts, a major Baroque garden was added to the site. The castle went on to be the birthplace of Princes Margaret in 1930 and was later opened to the public in 1950.

3.      Tantallon Castle: Tantallon Castle was built as a fortress in the mid-1300s by the Scottish nobleman William Douglas, the Earl of Douglas. The castle was passed down through the branches of the Douglas family for 300 years before receiving a devastating blow from Oliver Cromwell in 1651 that caused the castle to be abandoned. Today, the Tantallon Castle ruins stand as a testament to the medieval and middle-age strength of the Scots, as well as offering key insights into the style and techniques of Scottish architecture.

4.      Stirling Castle: Stirling Castle was constructed sometime around 1110, built high on a volcanic outcrop that allowed the castle to guard a key crossing point in the River Forth. The castle’s design was incredibly complex, featuring three main enclosures that made the castle similar to a concentric-style castle. Many of the castle’s inner buildings are principal occupations for royalty, most of which were commissioned by James IV, James V, and James VI between 1496 to 1594. Stirling Castle was a major stronghold in the Wars of Independence with England and remains a still-standing castle to this day.

5.      Balmoral Castle: Balmoral Castle is an estate house that serves as a royal residence for the British monarch and royal family. The estate was purchased from the Farquharson family in 1852 by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria, wherein Scottish architects John and William Smith fashioned the estate after the Scottish baronial and Gothic revival architectural styles. Balmoral Castle has been undergoing new renovations and is expected to reopen to the public sometime in April of 2023.

Wales

1.      Conwy Castle: Conwy Castle was built by Edward I of England in 1283, with construction being completed in 1292. The castle was designed to incorporate all of the latest defensive features of the time period, such as a double courtyard bailey and outer defensive walls. Conwy Castle would go on to be famously used as a place of refuge by King Richard II of England after having to fight for the crown and throne with his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke. Richard II would fall victim to a traitorous advisor who tricked him into being imprisoned. Conwy Castle is now a UNESCO World Heritage site and is regarded as one of the best examples of 13th to 14th century military architecture in all of Europe. 

2.      Cardiff Castle: Cardiff Castle has more than 2,000 years of history in Wales, with humble beginnings as a Roman fort as early as the 50s AD. During the Norman Conquest, Cardiff Castle became an important stronghold and the castle’s keep was formed from the site of the original Roman fort. The castle went on to pass through many noble families until ending up in the care of the Bute family, who commissioned architect William Burges to transform the castle into a lavish palace. Since 1974, the castle has been a popular tourist attraction in Wales. 

3.      Pembroke Castle: Pembroke Castle started as merely a small inner bailey created in 1093 by Arnulf de Montgomery. The castle’s keep would later be constructed in the 12th century, featuring several architectural anomalies for the time, such as a cylindrical tower with a stone dome sitting atop it. Despite falling into ruin and decay after the Second Civil War between England and Wales, the castle would undergo extensive restoration efforts throughout the 1900s commissioned by Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps. Following Sir Ivor’s death, a trust was created for the castle that is now managed by the Philipps family and the Pembroke town council.

4.      White Castle: White Castle — also known as Llantilio Castle — is a present-day castle ruin site that was first established as part of a trio of castles known as the Three Castles. Today, White Castle is the best preserved of the Three Castles, which were originally designed with the purpose to protect the Welsh border. In 1909, after several changes in ownership, the castle was deemed an ancient monument and placed under the care of the state in 1922. White Castle is now a thriving tourist attraction and castle ruin site that is open to the public.

5.      Powis Castle: Powis Castle was built in the mid-13th century by Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, a Welsh prince trying to establish his independence. Meanwhile, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd was also trying to establish himself as a Prince of Wales, succeeding in his efforts by the late 13th century and laying waste to Powis Castle. In 1952, Powis Castle was handed over to the National Trust, which has implemented extensive restoration efforts ever since.

Northern Ireland

1.      Dunluce Castle: Dunluce Castle was built by Richard Óg de Burgh, the 2nd Earl of Ulster, in the 13th century. Though reduced to ruins today, this medieval castle site was once the home of the chief of the Clan MacDonnell of Antrim. The castle served as the seat of the Earl of Antrim until the MacDonnells fell into poverty in the 1690s. Dunluce Castle has gone on to serve as a filming location for Game Thrones, used as the castle set for the House Greyjoy’s castle of Pyke.

2.      Belfast Castle: Belfast Castle is one of the most famous landmarks in all of Northern Ireland, known for its iconic position in Cave Hill Country Park. The castle’s original form is estimated to have been built around the late 12th century by the Normans. Though a second castle was built in 1611, it burned down nearly 100 years later. In 1862, a new Belfast Castle was constructed on the site, with the estate passing down family lines until eventually being presented as a gift to the city of Belfast in 1934. Today, Belfast Castle is a tourist attraction and event venue.

3.      Monea Castle: Monea Castle was built around 1618 by the Reverend Malcolm Hamilton in a tower house architectural style. The castle was built during the Plantation and was often used as a storehouse and place of residence by the Planters. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Monea Castle was attacked by Rory Maguire due to the castle offering refuge to Protestants. In 1705, the Monea Castle was destroyed by a fire and abandoned. The Monea Castle ruins today are freely accessible to the public.

4.      Carrickfergus Castle: Carrickfergus Castle was created during the Norman Conquest, built by John de Courcy in 1177 as a Norman headquarters. The castle played a key military role in conflicts with the Scottish, Irish, English, and French up until 1928. Carrickfergus Castle is considered to be one of the best-preserved medieval structures in Northern Ireland. Though no longer functional, the castle ruins are well-kept and open to visitors.

5.      Gosford Castle: Gosford Castle was constructed in 1819, though the castle would not be completed until the 1850s. The castle was commissioned by Archibald Acheson, the 2nd Earl of Gosford, who assigned Thomas Hooper as the lead architect for the project. Gosford Castle is designed with a Norman-revival style. This castle has undergone a variety of random restoration efforts and even served as a filming location for Game of Thrones,

Final Thoughts

The history of castles in Great Britain and the greater UK region is ripe with historical drama, royal lineage, and architectural ingenuity. As one of the longest-standing world powers, the UK has a lot of history to share with the world — and its castles offer unique windows into the ancient and medieval worlds that helped form the UK as it is today.

Castles for Defence, and for Living

Many castles were built solely for defence, for example, Pendennis and St Mawes, each guarding either side of the entrance to the River Fal in Cornwall.

Others, in reality, more as elegant country houses such as Bodiam Castle or Herstmonceux Castle, both in East Sussex. However, a castle, in the true sense of the word, would have been constructed with both purposes in mind.

Probably the best example, now the largest of all castles, Windsor Castle, in Berkshire, originally served as a major defence of western enemy advances towards London whilst also providing a comfortable resting place for its builder, William the Conqueror.

Castles were most often conceived and constructed with the protection necessary to keep hostile forces at bay but also to accommodate kings and queens, or similarly important and powerful barons, lords and the like, in palatial style.

First British Castles

Castles, as distinct from the earlier hill forts of the iron age, first appeared in the British Isles around the time of Norman Conquest. Actually, it was a few years before when French noblemen friends of Edward the Confessor, to further extravagant hunting parties and as a means to subjugate and terrorise local populations, had introduced the practise of castle building.

The first surviving English document to use the word castle, the Anglo-saxon Chronicle, kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, contains accounts by an outraged monk of such events, in Herefordshire, in 1051.

Known as motte and bailey castles, these mostly wooden defensive structures encircled by a palisade and built atop large earthen mounds, typically included domestic buildings for sleeping and eating, great halls for feasting, as well as rooms to house maybe a small army of men and stables for cavalry.

It had been invading Vikings from the north, hundreds of years earlier during the ninth century, that had first brought them to mainland Europe.

They had been readily adopted as de facto defences by all manor of lords and landowner in the evolving feudal France of the time. Within just a few decades of William the Conqueror’s unwelcome arrival, with his invading army, in 1066, many hundreds of these castles were erected throughout much of Britain, from the first built on the south east coast of England at Pevensey, to Bamburgh Castle in the north, Chepstow Castle in Wales and to Dunster Castle in the west country. Remnants of these original castles exist to this day.

Medieval Castles

Castle building in Britain continued in a similar vein for the next few hundred years. And more and more were being built of stone rather than wood. As defences improved so did the weapons with which to attack them by. Bows and arrows were replaced with guns and bullets whilst gunpowder and cannon replaced trebuchet and stone projectile.

English Civil War

In feudal medieval Britain, successive kings and queens, along with their appointed barons, lorded it over their subjects with little fear of dissent. However, all this was to change, for a few decades at least, during the English Civil Wars of the seventeenth century led by Oliver Cromwell.

In one of the most destructive periods in British history the vast majority of British castles were attacked, sacked, burnt and generally destroyed by a seething mass of popular revolt against royalty and the ruling classes.

A Man’s Home is his Castle

Peace and normality were to prevail though the great period of British castle building had finally come to an end, the aristocracy making the realisation that such outward and arrogant shows of wealth and power would unlikely be tolerated again by the people. A balance had to be struck, compromises made.

We can now be grateful for this period in British history having contributed to the building of many of the finest castle houses of the world.